Vernier Caliper.

Parts of the Vernier Caliper 

A Caliper is simply a measuring device from a compass to intense instruments such as the vernier caliper acting as an advanced ruler. The vernier caliper uses vernier scale to measure more precisely. This instrument provides different methods of measuring including ways to measure external or internal dimensions as well as finding depth measurements. In fact the depth measurement method of using a movable and slidable probe is so slender that it is able to retrieve data in deep canals.

The lower and upper section of this scale generally uses both inch and metric measurements. Industries use vernier calipers because of its hundredth of a millimeter precision equal to one thousandth of an inch. Below describes the vernier caliper's parts and functions.

The rail (4) allows sliding to occur on the main scale (7) moving the vernier scale (3) while the fixed jaw (11) remains in place so the precise measurement is found. Also, draw back and forth (9) the instrument's jaws (parts 1 and 10) to adjust the caliper. The indicated measurement is found at the left of the vernier scale (3 and 8) either in inches or centimeters. The sliding jaw (9) and the depth probe (5) are connected to and move along with the vernier scale. Deep measurements are taken by the use of the front end of the rail (6).

1. Inside jaws: Internal length measurements are found by using this part.
2. Retainer or locking screw: This part blocks the instrument's movable parts in order to transfer between measurement methods easily.
3. Vernier scale (inch)
4. Rail (inch)
5. Depth probe: The part used in order to find depth measurements
6. Front end of the rail
7. Main scale (mm)
8. Vernier scale (mm)
9. Sliding Jaw
10. Outside jaws: This part makes measuring external lengths possible.
11. Fixed Jaw

How to read a vernier caliper

A vernier caliper is easy to use – some important hints for your practice.

If you look at the slide gauge, you will see two different scales. The large main scale runs over the whole length of the caliper and under this main scale a second scale which is shorter and called vernier scale. To define a value on the main scale is easy. You just take the value opposing the value O of the vernier scale. In our present example this is 23 mm and some very small split portion of a millimeter. 

The precise value of this split fraction of a mm cannot be defined precisely on the main scale because the measuring unit is just too small. In this case the vernier scale is very helpful. Just like a magnifying lens this helpful tool allows to define the exact value of the split mm. To find out this value you have to find the value on the vernier scale - exactly opposing the gauge mark for a mm on the main scale. This value – in our example here 6 – is the value figuring behind the dot. It is 0.6 mm referring to a 1/10 vernier scale and has to be added to the mm value you just found on the main scale. So the result is 23 mm plus 0.6 mm = 23.6 mm.

The gauge marks on the main scale and the gauge marks on the vernier scale are related in a defined ratio to each other; in our example here it is a ratio of 9:10. This means that the distance between two marks on the vernier scale is 0.9 mm and on the main scale it is 1 mm. This is the trick which makes sure that by sliding the gauge you always get a gauge mark on the opposite side on the vernier scale. 

So it is made sure that the sum of the measuring is a value combined of measuring and adding the value shown on the vernier scale as a multiplicator of 1. When there is a fraction of 0.1 mm the 1 appears on the vernier scale (i.e. 0.1 measured value + 0.9 mm is a distance between two gauge marks on the vernier scale). Referring to a fraction of 0.3 mm i.e. a measured value of 0.3 mm + 3 times 0.9 (0.27 mm) the sum 3 will be shown on the vernier scale.

The vernier scale doesn’t relate always to a ratio of 1:10 of the main scale. The ratio can also be 1:20 or 1:50. A vernier scale of the ratio 1:20 has 20 gauge marks in a distance of 0.95 mm, a vernier scale of the ratio of 1:50 has 50 gauge marks with a distance of 0.98 mm from mark to mark. The basic principle of measuring stays always the same. You only have to consider that in case of a vernier scale with the ratio 1:20 the measured value is a multiple of 0.05 mm which is shown with a distance of 3 gauge marks. In this case 3 gauge marks on the vernier scale add to the sum of 3 x 0.05 mm= 0.15 mm. Three gauge marks on a 1:50 ratio vernier scale would give 3 x 0.02 mm= 0.06 mm. The precision of measurement is impressing here, but with the normal human eye a limit is reached here by just being able to read these intricacies without special lenses. For this reason a high quality digital instrument instead of a slide gauge is much easier to read because of the LCD display. 

Moving Jaw Tilt Errors

It is important to mention however that measuring errors appear by holding the moving jaw tilted out of parallel with the fixed jaw either through force or lack of straightness in the reference edge of the beam or through deformation of the material of the instrument itself by age, temperature or wrong use. This error might be higher than the value on the vernier scale. A precision of measurement of +- 0.02 mm is reached only by a few very welltrained practitioners, but this precision is independent from the use of the traditional slide gauge with a vernier scale or the digital Vernier.